![]() The spatial, cultural, and economic legacies of the battle over the boardwalk continue to shape present spatial inequalities and imaginaries in the city as well as in other parts of the United States. Thus, a form of coastal ‘racial capitalism’ also emerged from this conflict. ![]() By focusing on a battle to implement a color line within a popular northern coastal resort community during the 1880s and 1890s, the paper shows how racial discrimination was justified and normalized through the prioritization of economic growth. This paper examines a fight during the late 19th century between white business owners and Black citizens regarding whether or not the boardwalk of Asbury Park, New Jersey ought to be racially segregated in order to trace the emergence of a racial formation that signified Black people as unwelcome in tourist spaces. Scholarship within Black geographies and Black studies has highlighted how historical injustices continue to shape the ways in which space is racialized and race is spatialized. These findings emphasize the important differences between credit unions that matter for social transformation towards the solidarity economy. At another level, however, these credit unions scale up solidarity finance and divert significant assets from capitalist circulation to social reproduction and solidarity realms. They eventually spatialize the benefits of solidarity finance in the better off neighborhoods in which their members live. The non-designated credit unions, accounting for significant cooperative finance membership and resources in New York City, are mainly linked to employment and are more distant from social justice struggles. We find that credit unions in the underserved communities address multiple forms of marginalization, as evident in overlapping designations, with the least amount of resources at their disposal. ![]() These practices are visible in special designations as low-income, minority, and community development institutions. In particular, we link their impact on place to commitment to community development and inclusion of low-income and minority populations which signal their resistance to racial capitalism and global finance. Our research begins a geographic inquiry into distinct non-capitalist place-making practices of credit unions while also acknowledging that they are a heterogeneous group themselves. Their mission to a large degree aligns with anti-poverty and anti-racist social justice struggles and with the ethics of “solidarity” economy, a growing international movement. In the U.S., they represent the rarely recognized but widely spread local banking systems that prioritize interests of communities over profit-maximization for outside investors. Using diverse economies and relational poverty insights, we examine the place-making practices of the cooperatively owned and democratically structured financial institutions – credit unions. Of course, the views expressed here are our own and we remain responsible for them. We would like to thank Kanchana Ruwanpura for her editorial guidance and kind support. The arguments above invite the question, how can the peoples within the ramshackle post-imperial settlement that is the UK shift the internal configuration and geopolitical role of the archipelago on which they find themselves post-Brexit? What of the pro-Brexit slogan that would see British people take back control? Instead, to paraphrase Anderson (2020, 95) its seems more like handing back control to Ukania’s triumphant landed, financier and rentier classes (see Christophers, 2020), who for Acknowledgements The making of Brexit may be narrated as a Conclusions: Hand back control The crisis is manifold and takes expression, inter alia, in form of a “worsening representational crisis in the party system, a growing crisis of authority for political elites, a legitimacy crisis of the state” (ibid, 134). Brexit, according to Jessop (2017, 133), was a “singular event that is one symptom of the continuing organic crisis of the British state”. Others have also pointed to the multiple, past and future temporalities of post-Brexit. We ask what the key parameters of post-Brexit geopolitics are and how to conceptualize them critically.Ī key moment in the convoluted process came on 17 January 2017 in A singular event? Much has been said and written since about these themes. Five years ago, we joined many others in critically charting the geopolitical frames around Brexit in the wake of the slim “leave” majority in the UK referendum on EU membership held on 23 June 2016 (Bachmann and Sidaway, 2016).
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